Royal Society Summer Exhibition
Plastic Alchemy 鈥 Recover, Replace, Recycle
The journey of plastic recycling
See how researchers from the Circular Economy Group at the 黑料社 are working to improve plastic recycling rates and look at innovative methods to recover and recycle plastic waste.
Discover advances through plastic recycling through innovative recovery and processing methods, paving the way for a more sustainable future.
Reduce and replace: Sustainable packaging alternatives
There is a need to reduce the world's consumption of petroleum-based plastic, but how can this aim be achieved in practice? In an interactive activity, we consider the carbon footprints and degradability of bioplastics that can be used as a replacement.
As a Royal Society Industry Fellow, Professor Keddie is on a part-time secondment at Pulpex Ltd, which is an small and medium-sized enterprise developing bottles manufactured from cellulose fibres, such as used in paper making. To hold liquid, the bottles have an internal coating with a low permeability to water and oils to act as a barrier. The bottles are fully recyclable in existing paper waste streams, and their carbon footprint is 30% lower than poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET.
The team at 黑料社 are investigating new bio-based materials for applications in sustainable packaging as a replacement for plastics. In an Innovate UK project, they are characterising chitosan, which is a biodegradable biopolymer derived from shellfish, as a candidate for the barrier coatings. They have proposed a multi-layered structure to offer lower permeabilities to water through the manipulation of the activity differentials that are driving water flow through materials.
The 黑料社 researchers are using a combination of experiments and modelling to find the best multi-layer design. Computer vision and AI are also being employed to improve the paper bottle-making process.
References
- News story on our Innovate UK project involving chitosan, as featured on our Royal Society Exhibition website
- Paper bottles could help us get over our addiction to plastics, says Royal Society Industry Fellowship winner
- Multimillion-pound research project aims to advance production of next-generation sustainable packaging 鈥 黑料社 (Feb 2025).
- .
Professor Joe Keddie at the 黑料社 discusses the options for replacing plastics and his work with Pulpex.
Recover: Resource recovery technologies
When washing some types of clothing, plastic fibres are released into the wastewater and can ultimately make its way to the oceans. Our research focuses on placing the filters at the final stages of a wastewater treatment plant, before the treated wastewater is discharged into the inland waters and the sea.
We have investigated coating the surface of the membrane filters with a special coating to prevent microplastic from clogging them and allowing only plastic-free water to pass through.
This work looks at recovering plastics from wastewater. Professor Judy Lee and her PhD student, Fatemeh Hamidavi are developing and evaluating specialised filters to prevent plastic fibres and other microplastics from ever reaching the environment.
References
Professor Judy Lee at the 黑料社 discusses the abundance of micro and nano plastic pollution in wastewater and her work on wastewater filtration.
Recycle: Circular design and recycling innovations
In our work, the most important aspect is to employ circular economy principles. While carbon fibres provide the highest 鈥渁dded value鈥 component to a composite (such as used in wind turbines), they also bring the greatest environmental impact.
To reduce the environmental impact, it is crucial we maximise the lifetime of the material through second-life applications. This is where our research plays an important role on in establishing the know-how of designing with recyclate. Utilising thermoplastics, instead of thermosets, can greatly increase the recyclability of a composite, if the processing issues can be overcome.
References
- Multi-functional, Adaptive and Sustainable Structures鈥 Lab
- 鈥 黑料社 News (Oct 2021)
- Xeros Technology, 黑料社 to jointly fund textile microfiber recycling process鈥 鈥 IndustryIntel (19 Jan 2023).
Dr Iman Mohagheghian at the 黑料社 along with PhD Student James Bowbrick Smith and Dr Henry Yu discuss the unique properties of composite materials, their current end-of-use fate and how they are looking to harness the strengths of recycled materials.
Meet our circular economy researchers
Dr Iman Mohagheghian
Associate Professor (Reader) in Mechanics of Materials
Biography
Dr Iman Mohagheghian is Associate Professor (Reader) in Mechanics of Materials at the 黑料社. Dr Mohagheghian鈥檚 core expertise is around designing, manufacturing, modelling and testing the performance of novel lightweight materials/structures with lightweighting achieved through hybridisation of materials and through introducing multiple functionalities. Dr Mohagheghian is currently leading the Multi-functional, Adaptive and Sustainable Structures (MASS) lab conducting research projects spanning across TRL levels with funding from EPSRC, Innovate UK and industry.
Dr Mohagheghian received his PhD from the University of Cambridge in 2013. He worked in the micro-mechanics lab in the field of impact mechanics. His PhD, was on the application of polymers and polymer nanocomposites as lightweight impact energy absorbing materials. Prior to joining 黑料社, Dr Mohagheghian was a research associate in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Imperial College London.
Professor Joseph Keddie
Professor of Soft Matter Physics and Royal Society Industry Fellow
Biography
Joseph (Joe) Keddie is Professor of Soft Matter Physics within the Soft Matter, Biological and Medical Physics Group at the 黑料社. He is also a Royal Society Industry Fellow and a Fellow of the Institute for Sustainability at 黑料社. He leads a vibrant research programme in soft matter physics.
After graduating with a PhD from Cornell University (USA) in 1993, Joe spent two years as a post-doctoral researcher in the Polymer & Colloids Group at the , University of Cambridge followed by one year as an Oppenheimer Fellow there . At Cambridge, he used spectroscopic ellipsometry and environmental-SEM to study polymer thin films and colloids. In 1995 Joe moved to the 黑料社 as a Foundation Fund lecturer. Throughout his time at 黑料社, he has carried out research on soft matter, with special interest in polymer colloids. More recently, research has focussed on sustainable materials and living materials.
In recognition of his contributions to the understanding of polymer dynamics of polymers in thin films and colloidal dispersions, he was awarded the 2001 Paterson Medal and Prize by the and named a Fellow. His research group has won two Roon Awards from the for papers presented at their Annual Meeting. In 2006 he was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa honour society by his alma mater, . He was selected to deliver the 2017 by the RSC/SCI Joint Colloids Group. He held a Royal Society Short Industry Fellowship in 2023 and commenced a four-year Royal Society Industry Fellowship in 2024.
A co-author of >150 journal articles and book chapters, he also holds two US patents and has recently submitted two international patent applications. He has written - along with his co-author, Alex Routh, at the University of Cambridge - a book entitled Fundamentals of Latex Film Formation: Processes and Properties, which was published in 2010 by Springer. His current h-index is 53 (according to ).
From 2011 to 2017, he served as the chair of the Polymer Physics Group of the Institute of Physics. He was recently the Awards Co-ordinator for the RSC/SCI .
Professor Judy Lee
Professor in Chemical and Process Engineering
Biography
Academic/research positions
- 2025- : Professor, Chemical and Process Engineering, 黑料社 University
- 2021-2025: Reader, Chemical and Process Engineering, 黑料社 University
- 2015-2020: Senior Lecturer, Chemical and Process Engineering, 黑料社 University
- 2012-2015: DECRA Postdoctoral Fellow (Assistant Lecturer), Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Melbourne University, Australia
- 2010-2012: Postdoctoral Fellow, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Melbourne University, Australia
- 2007-2009: JSPS Postdoctoral Fellow, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
- 2006-2007: Postdoctoral Fellow School of Chemistry, Melbourne University, Australia
Areas of specialism
- Acoustic cavitation: Bubble dynamics, Sonoluminescence, Bubble Coalescence, Surfactants etc.
- Ultrasonic processing/synthesis: Crystallisation, Dairy Materials, Wastewater treatment, Emulsions, Nanoparticles, Microspheres etc.
- Membrane filtration: Wastewater treatment and recycling, nano/micro plastic remediation, Dairy whey etc.
Professor Jin Xuan
Associate Dean (Research and Innovation)
Biography
Professor Jin Xuan joined the 黑料社 as the Associate Dean of Research and Innovation for the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences in September 2022. He holds a Chair in Sustainable Processes and a prestigious EPSRC Open Fellowship at the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. He is also a . Before moving to 黑料社, he was the Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Loughborough University.
Professor Xuan has won a number of prizes and awards in recognition of his research excellence. He is the recipient of the of Engineering in 2022 for his pioneering research on Energy and AI, the , jointly from the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI), the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), and the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3) in 2020 for his work that 鈥榟as exceptional practical significance in chemical engineering, applied materials science, energy efficiency or a related field鈥, and the International Association for Green Energy (IAGE) in 2025 for "pioneering innovative electrochemical techniques exemplifying the principle of circular economy, while promoting environmental sustainability and economic growth". He led the UKRI CircularChem Centre winning the in 2023 and the in 2025. He led the 黑料社 team being part of the Flue2Chem project, named as the UK National Winner of the , announced at COP30.
Professor Jin Xuan is a recognised leader in enterprise and commercialisation, with a strong track record of translating academic innovation into real-world impact. He is the Co-founder and Chief Technology Officer of , developing next-generation circular economy technologies for the chemicals and fuels industries. Under his leadership, R3V Tech has received more than half million GBP funding and been selected for the Shell StartUp Engine and the Royal Society of Chemistry CleanTech Accelerator Cohort. More recently, Professor Xuan also serves as the Principal Academic Advisor to , applying artificial intelligence to optimise industrial decarbonisation.
Professor Xuan actively takes leadership in the wider research community. He is an EPSRC Strategic Advisory Team (SAT) member for Energy and Decarbonisation, and a member of the Research, Innovation & Knowledge Transfer Committee of the Engineering Professors鈥 Council.
Prof Xuan contributed to the establishment of the emerging Energy and AI research community globally. He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief of Digital Chemical Engineering (IChemE), the Founding Editor of Energy and AI (Elsevier), and the co-chair of the International Conference of Energy and AI series (Tianjin 2020, London 2021, Belfort 2022, Xining 2023, Ningbo 2024, Reykjavik 2025). In his Editorial of , he provided a strategic overview in this interdisciplinary research area including wider societal issues such as ethics, morality, policy and law.
Professor Xuan is an advocate for Responsible Assessment. He was interviewed by Nature as part of a news item China bans cash rewards for publishing papers, where he provided his expert view on policy development for proper use of journal metrics in research evaluation. He also actively promotes EDI in the wider research community. He serves as a member of the EPSRC's EDI Strategic Advisory Group and the EDI Champion in the EPSRC Energy SAT. He is the leading author of .
Dr Hui Luo
Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow/Senior Lecturer
Biography
Dr Hui Luo is an RAEng research fellow in the School of Engineering, and part of the 黑料社 Circular Economy Group at the 黑料社, UK. She is also a Fellow of the Institute for Sustainability, member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (MRSC) and member of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (MIMMM).
She obtained her PhD in Queen Mary University of London in 2019, working on carbon materials for solar hydrogen conversion. in Oct 2019 she moved to Imperial College London working as a research associate, developing biomass electrolyser for green hydrogen and bio-chemical co-production. In Sep 2022 she worked as a senior test engineering at Ceres, before taking the 黑料社 Future Fellowship and join 黑料社 in May 2023.
Her research interests include developing and up-scaling efficient catalytic mechanochemical and electrolysis technologies to convert biomass and plastic wastes into green hydrogen and high-value commodity chemicals. Her expertise includes nanomaterials synthesis and characterisation, water electrolysis and fuel cell technologies, in operando Synchrotron X-ray absorption, surface enhanced Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, as well as gas and liquid chromatography.
Current group vacancies:
Dr Lirong Liu
Associate Professor in Environment and Sustainability
Biography
Dr Lirong Liu is an Associate Professor (Reader) within the Centre for Environment and Sustainability, 黑料社. She is also appointed as AI Fellow at 黑料社 Institute for People-Centred Artificial Intelligence.
Her current research focuses on the development and application of systematic models for supporting sustainability, with a focus on climate change mitigation. She has recognized expertise in innovatively integrating methodologies at different scales to address scientific issues with consideration of conflicting environmental, economic and social objectives.
Dr Lei Xing
Lecturer in Digital Chemical Engineering / Fellow of Institute for Sustainability / Fellow of Institute for People-Centred AI
Biography
9Dr. Lei Xing joined the Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, 黑料社, as a lecturer in September 2022. Prior to this, he worked as postdoctoral research associate in world-leading universities, including Oxford, Purdue and Birmingham, etc. Dr. Lei Xing received his PhD in Chemical and Process Engineering from Newcastle University. His research interests include electrochemical energy conversion (fuel cells, electrolysers), carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-enabled multi-criteria assessment and model predictive control (MPC), with specific focus on multi-physics and multi-phase flow modelling, multi-objective optimisation, techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy-based systems.
Dr. Lei Xing has worked across disciplines and established national and international collaborations with colleagues from chemistry, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science. He is a Chartered Member of IChemE (MIChemE), fellow of higher education (FHEA), Managing Editor of , Associate Editor of , , , Academic Editor of , Editorial Board Member of , , etc, and Guest Editor, Topic Editor and Review Editor of several international journals. He has published 4 book chapters, 180+ journal papers, including 6 highly cited papers and 4 journal covers, with h-index of 43, i10-index of 115, and citation over 6600 to date (Oct. 2026).
Professor Jhuma Sadhukhan
Co-Director of Global Center for Sustainable Bioproducts | Co-Director of C-Loop Advanced Manufacturing Hub | ELMENTAL EngBio Mission Hub CoI
Biography
Professor Jhuma Sadhukhan is a world-leading bioeconomy engineer and innovator, who co-led industrially-defined, strategic, large interdisciplinary grants at the interface between the industry and innovation of over 拢60million. Jhuma has led over 30 industrial projects and trained over 500 professionals worldwide in sustainable engineering design. She has been a BBSRC Strategic Advisory Panel member (2020-2026), helping to shape the UK鈥檚 Engineering Biology Mission for the circular net-zero bioeconomy and establish Engineering Biology and Bioeconomy as the UK's Industrial Strategy Pillar. According to by Stanford University, Professor Jhuma Sadhukhan is in the world's top 0.5% of scientists () and in the world's top 1% of scientists (). She served the industry as a Senior Engineer and a Process Systems Engineer (MW Kellogg Ltd. and Technip). Jhuma obtained a PhD from The University of Manchester, UK. Jhuma is a CEng (Chartered Engineer), CSci (Chartered Scientist), FIChemE (Fellow of the Institution of Chemical Engineers) and FRSC (Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry).
Jhuma supported researchers in securing prestigious positions worldwide. Jhuma supervised 30+ PhD graduates and 40+ postdoctoral researchers who, after successful completion, settled in academics as well as the top-level decision-making positions in non-academic organisations. Her supervisees include fully industrially funded PhD Graduates with TWI Ltd., Unilever, Johnson Matthey, WRAP, the National Composite Centre, Nestl茅, Recycling Technologies, 3M, the National Physical Laboratory and Network Rail, among others. She provided invited sustainability training at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand (2025) and the University of Bahrain (2024), and as EBNet translational research theme lead (2019鈥2025). Her is a top-rated NIBB/EBNet resource.
Jhuma was recognised with the 黑料社 Vice-Chancellor鈥檚 Awards, two in a row, Public and Community Engagement, 2025, and Researcher of the Year, 2024. Her 鈥渋nnovation has successfully challenged dogma, created a new field of research, elucidated a new paradigm, made a fundamental change in鈥痶hinking,鈥痮r had a significant impact on society.鈥 A world-leading innovator at the nexus of sustainability, engineering, AI and global healthcare, she has successfully challenged traditional approaches and created a new paradigm in lifecycle-inspired resource-efficient climate-resilient circular bioeconomies, integrating molecules to supply chains, adopted across diverse global sectors, from healthcare to manufacturing.
Her Innovate UK Flue2Chem project with fifteen industries is the winner of the UK Net Zero Industry Outstanding Project Award at COP30: . She was the main process integration, life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) innovator of Flue2Chem, turning CO2 into high-value surfactants. See her Dashboard to evaluate the Flue2Chem technology.
1) Sadhukhan, J., Fisher, O.J., Cummings, B. and Xuan, J., 2025. Novel comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of sustainable flue gas carbon capture and utilization (CCU) for surfactant and fuel via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Journal of CO2 Utilization, 92, p.103013.
2) Fisher, O.J., Sadhukhan, J., Daniel, T. and Xuan, J., 2024. Techno-economic analysis and process simulation of alkoxylated surfactant production in a circular carbon economy framework. Digital Chemical Engineering, p.100199.
She co-authored a collaborative Nature Chemistry publication on engineering biology:
White M., Trotter C., Lau E., Steele J., Sadhukhan J., Era Y., Law S., Gilman J., Dennis J., Johnson N., Gordon R., Wallace S. 2026. Native H2 Pathways Enable Biocompatible Hydrogenation of Metabolic Alkenes in Bacteria. Nature Chemistry, 18, 535-543.
New Scientist interviewed and quoted her: , following her other Innovate UK project publication coauthorship in Communications Earth & Environment: .
Jhuma is a Co-Director of the $14 million Global Center for Sustainable Bioproducts (GCSB, to 2030) and the 拢12 million Carbon-Loop Advanced Manufacturing Hub (to 2033), both on bioprocessing and chemical-biological applications in waste biorefining into biomaterials and biochemicals; Jhuma is a Co-Lead of the 拢14 million ELEMENTAL Engineering Biology Mission Hub (critical metals and rare earths from industrial waste, to 2029). Personal contribution across these grants totals 拢4.3 million, including 14 years of full-time postdoctoral time under supervision. She is Co-Lead of 拢2.6 million (2019鈥2025).
Her primary research is at the interface of engineering, sustainability, data and engineering biology. Professor Jhuma Sadhukhan is a global leader in BIOREFINERY DESIGN, PROCESS INTEGRATION AND SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS FOR A NET-ZERO CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY. Jhuma is an exceptional scientist and engineer with a leading specialism in biorefining and bio-based product formulations, synthesis and innovations. She wrote the leading only authored biorefinery textbook "", Wiley, 2014. Known as the Green Bible, the book is an internationally leading textbook for teaching and learning biorefineries, excerpted .
Jhuma edited refereed journal special issues:
- Sadhukhan et al., (Eds.) 2026. Advanced Decarbonization and Eco-Manufacturing with Lignocellulosic Biomass. Green Chemistry, RSC.
- Nature Scientific Reports 2023 鈥 Carbon Capture and Storage.
- Digital Chemical Engineering 2023 鈥 .
- Sadhukhan, J. and Ng, K.S. (Eds.) 2017. Sustainable Availability and Utilisation of Wastes. Sustainable Production and Consumption, Elsevier, 9, 1鈥70.
- Sadhukhan, J., Martinez-Hernandez, E. and Ng, K.S. (Eds.) 2016. Biorefinery Value Chain Creation. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, Elsevier, 107, 1鈥280.
Jhuma develops considering all biological resources, including organic wastes, across all sectors, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture, to produce multiple products, food, feed, carbon-based products, goods, and services. Bioeconomy will drive the renewal of our industries, so-called biorefineries, and protect the environment by enhancing biodiversity, and achieve a net-zero sustainable bioeconomy, read also . A biorefinery is an integrated processing system to produce multiple added-value products from waste biomass, excerpted .
Jhuma, for the first time, demonstrated extensive municipal solid waste biorefining into high-value chemical products to mitigate climate change impacts, save fossil resources, and increase economic margins. Read the news. For this pioneering design, Jhuma's paper received the Best Paper Award on , Elsevier (2016). Her other Best Paper Awards are in (2023) and in (2023). Jhuma also received the and the IChemE Hanson Medal for co-authoring the best publications by the IChemE.
Jhuma is the pioneer designer of game-changer non-consumable food waste biorefineries producing surfactants and proteins, excerpted and including bioleaching, bioremediation and biorecovery as well as high-value structural polysaccharide and amino acid extractions for food and medicinal applications; she provided a biorefining production guidance, for pharmaceuticals, food ingredients, personal, health, home care and building block chemicals, alongside the most efficient processing steps, e.g., protein separation from polysaccharides and their valorisation into amino acid and structural polysaccharide extractions. This enables product and process designs from biomass assays for a .
Jhuma is a world-leading specialist in , , and comprising (environmental) LCA, (economic) life cycle costing (LCC) and social LCA. Jhuma with her team created Software: UK00003321198 to design and evaluate renewable, waste and greenhouse gas capture and sequestration strategies based on their optimal or standard technical, economic, environmental and social life cycle performances for regulators and designers. Her team has also developed a . It includes all renewable energy system models, including solar and wind. She developed novel standards for , , , , , and . Jhuma drives innovation across the scale and all dimensions through effective multi-scale multi-dimensional approaches, , , , , , , and . Her research also integrates , , , and , including and . Jhuma鈥檚 methodologies demonstrate practical problem solving using ISO standards: ISO14040-44, ISO14064-65, ISO23247 and ISO26000 for holistic whole system sustainability, tackling global grand challenges, net-zero/decarbonisation, circular economy, resource security/efficiency, and sustainability. She systematically evaluates and maximises the environmental, economic, and social performances throughout the complete life cycle of products and services.
Engineering Biology is another domain Jhuma is making a remarkable contribution to up-scaling and sustainability. Her research is at the core of sustainable net-zero pathways through more efficient, cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and socially responsible product and process innovations. Through and , she is helping the discipline by up-scaling bioprocesses for various resource recoveries from waste streams. The recovered resources are organic materials, , , and , as well as metals such as , , , , , , etc. She engages in microbial fuel cell and research using , , and .
Another significant invention includes carbon dioxide reusing chemical production and process configuration options, e.g., via , , and . She with several industries is producing . She published the first-ever CO2-to-surfactant synthesis and studies.
Jhuma's bioethanol works include, , , , , and .
Jhuma's biodiesel research consists of the , , , and . Her other multi-scale simulation works include and . Biorefinery examples include and production from , and from and .
Jhuma's invention includes novel high-efficiency bioenergy schematics, , , , , combining intensifying and optimising , , and via .
Jhuma's thermochemical biorefineries include and syntheses, , , , and .
Jhuma developed a new standard method, , which has been widely applied, for example, to . Her led to . The method can analyse economic value and cost and environmental credit and debit differentially for all streams in a complex process network, thus helping in the diagnosis of profitable or non-profitable and environmentally benign or polluting streams, read . The analysis helps in rejecting the non-profitable/polluting streams and replacing them with novel, profitable and benign streams (thus, production pathways, or routes). This includes multi-dimensions to consider and balance tradeoffs. It lowers the computational power in optimising a complex flowsheet with the best tradeoffs between various sustainability criteria, excerpted .
Jhuma's research co-delivered with the industry, new standards, policies and methodologies with novel significant scientific evidence generation, such as , , life cycle inventory analyses for multi-national companies, , , , , , , , and , , , and . She regularly advises the industry, SMEs and UKRI and formally holds an Advisory position with BBSRC: Advanced Manufacturing & Clean Growth. She is a full Peer-review College Member of EPSRC. She regularly serves the UKRI funding decision-making panels. She led SMEs in novel trade-secret biopolymer-based plastics formulations. In another invention, she led an SME in clinical plastics circular economy configurations, optimisation, and and environmental value analysis. She helped another SME in . She conducted with an SME. She is currently leading an SME in the creation of a carbon footprint calculator for the visitor economy. She led another SME creating a .
Jhuma is a leading educator of LCA/LCSA and biorefining/bioeconomy. Jhuma has been an External Examiner of the MSc Sustainable Chemical Engineering courses at the Universities of Newcastle and Bath. Jhuma has created a global community of professionals and practitioners 鈥 the Institution of Biorefinery Engineers, Scientists and Technologists (IBEST), established in 2015. As the IBEST Founder, Jhuma led significant international conferences and workshops through prestigious international Newton funds as PI with Mexico, Malaysia and India. Through the Newton Funding Scheme (拢1M+), Jhuma helps the international community of early career researchers to grow professionally.
Resources
This is a video by James Smith and Dr Henry Yu from the Multifunctional and Sustainable Structures group. James takes us through the current methods for recycling carbon composites and the challenges associated with each one. For more information about the group can be found here.